代写数据分析作业的第三部分，根据数据用numpy绘制统计图，供分析使用。
Requirement
In this section, you’re going to create some plots to visualize the country
data. Make sure you’ve read the relevant notes we’ve provided:
- Pie and Scatter
- Line and Bar
- Axes
Be careful about trusting the results of test.py for this part. The tests can
only detect whether you produced a plot; they cannot evaluate the contents of
the plot. TAs will evaluate the plots manually, deducting points for plots not
matching the specifications. For each plot, we give an example of what a
solution might look like. Consider these examples minimal acceptable answers
(they are sufficient to receive full credit). You are free to improve the
aesthetic aspects of the plots (e.g., colors, size, labels, ticks, legend,
etc) if you like.
Before you start, make sure you re-download the latest test.py, expected.json,
and expected.html files. Remember to download the RAW versions (not the
preview pages from GitHub). For example:
Some questions may be nearly identical to ones we’ve already asked you, but
now you must answer with a plot instead of with a table.
Q21: what is the average country population by continent?
Answer with a bar plot. Put continents on the x-axis and average populations
on the y-axis. The continents should be sorted along the x-axis alphabetically
by name, ascending.
Q22: how many countries are there within each continent?
Answer with a bar plot. Put continents on the x-axis and number of countries
on the y-axis. The continents should be sorted along the x-axis alphabetically
by name, ascending.
Q23: how close is each country’s capital in South America to its nearest
neighbor?
Answer with a bar plot. Put countries on the x-axis and distance to nearest
neighbor on the y-axis. The coutries should be sorted along the x-axis
alphabetically by name, ascending.
Q24: how will the population of the US grow, given varying growth rates?
Use the growth formula we used for predictPopulation back in Project 2.
Answer with a line plot. Show three lines to represent these growth rates:
0.01, 0.05, and 0.1. The x-axis will indicate elapsed years (relative to the
time when the data in countries.json was collected). The projection should be
over 10 years. The y-axis will indicate the anticipated population.
Q25: what is the correlation between every pair of statistics in the
DataFrame about countries?
This is the only one in stage 3 requiring a table instead of a plot.
If you have a DataFrame df, then calling df.corr() will present a table
showing the Pearson correlation between every pair of columns in df, so this
should be a very easy question (more details here).
We won’t talk about the math behind the Pearson correlation, but spend some
time looking at the numbers to gain an intuition for this metric. A
correlation of 1 is the max (so, for example, every column is correlated
perfectly with itself).
A high correlation between columns X and Y means that large X values tend to
coincide with large Y values and small X values tend to coincide with small Y
values. In some of the cells, you’ll observe negative correlations (-1 being
the smallest). This means that large X values tend to coincide with small Y
values and vice versa.
Q26: what is the relationship between literacy and phones?
Create a scatter plot with literacy on the x-axis and phones on the y-axis.
The Pearson correlation between these two numbers was positive (0.594322). Do
you observe a pattern of more phones when literacy is greater?
Q27: what is the relationship between literacy and the birth rate?
Create a scatter plot with literacy on the x-axis and birth-rate on the
y-axis. The Pearson correlation between these two numbers was negative
(-0.792272). Do you observe a pattern of fewer babies when literacy is
greater?
Q28: what is the relationship between literacy and area?
Create a scatter plot with literacy on the x-axis and area on the y-axis. Use
a log scale for the y-axis by passing logy=True to scatter. The Pearson
correlation between these two numbers was close to zero (-0.108139). Is the
relationship in this scatter plot less striking than those for phones and
birth-rate?
Q29: what is the relationship between GDP-per-capita and infant mortality
in Europe?
Create a scatter plot with literacy on the x-axis and area on the y-axis.
Imagine we wanted to fit a straight line to this data. Even though the two
metrics are clearly related, a straight fit line will not work well here,
unless we find another way of looking at the data.
Q30: what is the relationship between GDP-per-capita and the inverse of
infant mortality in Europe?
This is the same as Q29, with two differences:
- instead of plotting mortality on the y-axis, plot 1/mortality (for infants)
- draw a fit line over the data
For the fit line, first try copy/pasting this code into a notebook cell and
running it to see what happens:
import numpy as np
df = DataFrame({
“x”: [1,2,3,4],
“y”: [2,5,6,5]
})
df[“1”] = 1
res = np.linalg.lstsq(df[[“x”, “1”]], df[“y”], rcond=None)
# res is a tuple: (COEFFICIENTS, VALUE, VALUE, VALUE)
coefficients = res[0] # coefficients is (m,n)
m = coefficients[0] # slope
n = coefficients[1] # intercept
ax = df.plot.scatter(x=’x’, y=’y’, c=’black’, s=30, xlim=0, ylim=0)
df[“fit”] = df[“x”] * m + n
df.plot.line(x=’x’, y=’fit’, c=’red’, ax=ax)
—|—
Then adapt the above code so that it uses your DataFrame (instead of df) and
replaces “x” with GDP-per-capita and “y” with the inverse of infant mortality.
