练习Python中Tree的用法，做一个 Blocky 的应用程序。
Learning goals
By the end of this assignment, you should be able to:
- model hierarchical data using trees
- implement recursive operations on trees (both non-mutating and mutating)
- convert a tree into a flat, two-dimensional structure
- use inheritance to design classes according to a common interface
Coding Guidelines
These guidelines are designed to help you write well-designed code that will
adhere to the interfaces we have defined (and thus will be able to pass our
test cases).
You must:
- write each method in such a way that the docstrings you have been given in the starter code accurately describe the body of the method.
- avoid writing duplicate code.
- write a docstring for any class, function, or method that lacks one.
You must NOT: - change the parameters, parameter type annotations, or return types in any of the methods or function you have been given in the starter code.
- add or remove any parameters in any of the methods you have been given in the starter code.
- change the type annotations of any public or private attributes you have been given in the starter code.
- create any new public attributes.
- create any new public methods.
- write a method or function that mutates an object if the docstring doesn’t that it will be mutated.
- add any more import statements to your code, except for imports from the typing module.
You may find it helpful to: - create new private helper methods or functions for the classes you have been given.
- if you create new private methods or functions you must provide type annotations for every parameter and return value. You must also write a full docstring for this method as described in the function design recipe
- create new private attributes for the classes you have been given.
- if you create new private attributes you must give them a type annotation and include a description of them in the class’s docstring as described in the class design recipe
- import more objects from the typing module
- override the inherited version of the eq special method in some cases (this is not the same as creating a new public method).
While writing your code you can assume that all arguments passed to the
methods and functions you have been given in the starter code will respect the
preconditions and type annotations outlined in the methods’ docstrings.
Introduction: the Blocky game
Blocky is a game with simple moves on a simple structure. But, like a Rubik’s
Cube, it is quite challenging to play. The game is played on a randomly-
generated game board made of squares of four different colours.
Each player has their own goal that they are working towards, such as creating
the largest connected “blob” of blue. After each move, the player sees their
score, which is determined by how well they have achieved their goal and which
moves they have made. The game continues for a certain number of turns, and
the player with the highest score at the end is the winner. Next, let’s look
in more detail at the rules of the game and the different ways it can be
configured for play.
The Blocky board and terminology
We call the game board a ‘block’, which is best defined recursively. A block
is either:
- a square of one colour, or
- a square that is subdivided into 4 equal-sized blocks.
The largest block of all, containing the whole structure, is called the top-
level block. We say that the top-level block is at level 0. If the top-level
block is subdivided, we say that its four sub-blocks are at level 1. More
generally, if a block at level k is subdivided, its four sub-blocks are at
level k+1.
A Blocky board has a maximum allowed depth, which is the number of levels down
it can go. A board with maximum allowed depth 0 would not be fun to play on -
it couldn’t be subdivided beyond the top level, meaning that it would be of
one solid colour. This board was generated with maximum depth of 5:
For scoring, the units of measure are squares the size of the blocks at the
maximum allowed depth. We will call these blocks unit cells.
Actions and Moves
A number of actions can be performed in Blocky. A move is an action that is
performed on a specific block. The actions are:
- Rotate clockwise
- Rotate counterclockwise 3. Swap Horizontally
- Swap Vertically
- Smash
- Paint
- Combine
- Pass
The Smash action can only be performed on blocks with no children. If a block
is smashed, then it is sub-divided into four new, randomly-generated sub-
blocks. Smashing a unit cell is also not allowed (it is already at the maximum
depth).
The Paint action sets a block’s colour to a new, specified colour. It can only
be performed on unit cells.
The Combine action turns a block into a leaf based on the majority colour of
its children. It can only be performed on a block that is subdivided and whose
children are at the maximum depth. If there is a majority colour among the
four children, then the children are discarded and the block has the majority
colour. A majority colour means that one colour is the majority amongst all
children; a tie does not constitute a majority.
The Pass action does not mutate the block. It can be used by a player who
wishes to skip their turn.
Choosing a block and levels
What makes moves interesting is that they can be applied to any block at any
level. For example, if the user selects the entire top-level block for this
board: and chooses to rotate it counter-clockwise, the resulting board is
this.
But if instead, on the original board, they rotated the block at level 1 (one
level down from the top-level block) in the upper left-hand corner, the
resulting board is this:
And if instead they were to rotate the block a further level down, still
sticking in the upper-left corner, they would get this.
Of course there are many other blocks within the board at various levels that
the player could have chosen.
Players
The game can be played solitaire (with a single player) or with two to four
players. There are three kinds of players:
- A human player chooses moves based on user input.
- A random player is a computer player that, as the name implies, chooses moves randomly.
- A smart player is a computer player that chooses moves more intelligently: It generates a set of random moves and, for each move, checks what its score would be if it were to make that move. Then it picks the one that yields the best score.
Goals and scoring
At the beginning of the game, each player is assigned a randomly-generated
goal. There are two types of goal:
- Blob goal.
The player must aim for the largest “blob” of a given colour c. A blob is a
group of connected same colour. Two blocks are connected if their sides touch;
touching corners doesn’t count. The player’s score is the number of unit cells
in the largest blob of colour c. - Perimeter goal.
The player must aim to put the most possible units of a given colour c on the
outer perimeter of the board. The player’s score is the total number of unit
cells of colour c that are on the perimeter. There is a premium on corner
cells: they count twice towards the score.
Notice that both goals are relative to a particular colour. We will call that
the target colour for the goal.
In addition to the points gained by the player from achieving their goal, a
player can also lose points based on the actions they perform.
- Rotating, Swapping, and Passing cost 0 points.
- Painting and Combining cost 1 point each time they are performed.
- Smashing costs 3 points each time it is performed.
Congurations of the game
A Blocky game can be configured in several ways:
- Maximum allowed depth.
While the specific colour pattern for the board is randomly generated, we
control how finely subdivided the squares can be. - Number and type of players.
There can be any number of players of each type. The “difficulty” of a smart
player (how hard it is to play against) can also be configured. - Number of moves.
A game can be configured to run for any desired number of moves. (A game will
end early if any player closes the game window.)
Setup and starter code
- Download the zip file that contains the starter code here a2.zip.
- Unzip the file and place the contents in pycharm in your a2 folder (remember to set your a2 folder as a sources root)
- You should see the following files and directories:
* actions.py
* block.py
* blocky.py
* game.py
* goal.py
* player.py
* renderer.py
* settings.py
* example_tests.py
Task 1: Understand the Block data structure
Surprise, surprise: we will use a tree to represent the nested structure of a
block. Our trees will have some very strong restrictions on their structure
and contents, however. For example, a node cannot have 3 children. This is
because a block is either solid-coloured or subdivided. If it is solid-
coloured, it is represented by a node with no children. If it is subdivided,
it is subdivided into exactly four sublocks. Representation invariants
document this rule and several other critically important facts.
- Open block.py , and read through the class docstring carefully. A Block has quite a few attributes to understand, and the Representation Invariants are critical.
- Draw the Block data structure corresponding to the game board below, assuming the maximum depth was 2 (and notice that it was indeed reached). You can just write a letter for each colour value. Assume that the size of the top-level block is 750.
Did you draw 9 nodes? Do the attribute values of each node satisfy the
representation invariants? Note: If you come to office hours, we will ask to
see your drawing before answering questions!
Task 2: Initialize Blocks and draw them
File(s): block.py , blocky.py
With a good understanding of the data structure, you are ready to start
implementing some of the key functionality. You should be able to run the
game, though it will only show you a blank board. In order to see an actual
Blocky board, you must:
- To make a Block drawable, you must implement _block_to_squares in blocky.py
- To make a Block in interesting, you must implement in block.py
for implementing _block_to_squares, read the documentation from Block, paying
special note of the positions and sizes of a Block and its children. Here is
the strategy to use for implementing Block.smash: If a Block is not yet at its
maximum depth, it can be subdivided; this method will decide whether or not to
actually do so. To decide:
- Use function random.random to generate a random number in the interval [0, 1).
- Subdivide if the random number is less than math.exp(-0.25 * level) , where level is the level of the Block within the tree.
- If a Block is not going to be subdivided, use a random integer to pick a colour for it from the list of colours in settings.COLOUR_LIST .
Method Block.smash is responsible for giving appropriate values to the
attributes of all Block s within the Block it generates. Notice that the
randomly-generated Block may not reach its maximum allowed depth. It all
depends on what random numbers are generated.
Check your work: We have provided an implementation of Block.str that
allows you to print a Block in text form. Use this to confirm that your
Block.smash method works correctly. We have also provided some pytest code
for testing the _blocks_to_squares function in the blocky.py module. See
example_tests.py for the test case. If both are working properly, then you
should see a correctly initialized game board when you run the game.
Task 3: The goal classes and random goals
File(s): goal.py , settings.py
We need to have some basic ability to set goals and compute a player’s score
with respect to their goal. Get familiar with the abstract Goal class in
goal.py . It defines two abstract methods: score and description . Goal has
two subclasses: BlobGoal and PerimeterGoal . The basic skeletons for these
classes are provided.
Implement the function generate_goals in the goal.py module. This function
generates a list of random goals. Each goal is of the same type (i.e.,
BlobGoal or PerimeterGoal ) but has a different colour. The supported colours
can be found in the settings.py module in a Python list called COLOUR_LIST .
Once you have appropriately implemented generate_goals , implement the
BlobGoal.description and PerimeterGoal.description methods. You should see
these descriptions at the bottom of the window when running the game.
Task 4: The Player
File(s): player.py
Get familiar with the abstract Player class in player.py . A concrete
implementation of a human player is given to you; see: HumanPlayer . In order
for the user to be able to play the game, they must be able to select by
hovering over it with the mouse. See the HumanPlayer.get_selected_block
method. For this to work, you must implement the function _get_block in the
player.py module. Note: Do not make changes to the HumanPlayer class.
In order to support more than one player, you will need to implement the
create_players function in players.py . This function will generate the right
number of human players, random players, and smart players (with the given
difficulty levels), in that order. Give the players consecutive player
identifiers (IDs), starting at 0. Assign each player a random goal.
Check your work: You should be able to run a game with only human players. Try
running function two_player_game - you can uncomment out the call to it in the
main block of module game . To select a block for action, put the cursor
anywhere inside it and use the W and S keyboard keys to select the desired
level. The area to the right of the game board gives you instructions on the
key to press for each action.
So far, no real moves are happening and the score never changes. But, you
should see the board and see play pass back and forth between players.
Finally, the game should end when the desired number of moves has been
reached.
Task 5: The Blocky actions
Let’s improve playability by supporting all the actions in Blocky. Each of
these actions will mutate Blocks in some way.
Before you begin, you should review the representation invariants for class
Block . They are critical to the correct functioning of the program, and it is
the responsibility of all methods in the class to maintain them. When you are
done, double check that each of your mutating methods maintains the
representation invariants of class Block .
Implement also the method and consider it as a handy helper method for other
methods than change the order of children. The (x, y) coordinates for the
upper left corner of a child block are different depending on which child it
is!
Check your work: Now when you play the game, you should see the board
changing. You may find it easiest to use function solitaire_game to try out
the various moves.
Task 6: Implement scoring for perimeter goals
File(s): goal.py
Now let’s get scoring working. The unit we use when scoring against a goal is
a unit cell. The size of a unit cell depends on the maximum depth in the Block
. For example, with maximum depth of 4, we might get this board.
If you count down through the levels, you’ll see that the smallest blocks are
at level 4. Those blocks are unit cells. It would be possible to generate that
same board even if maximum depth were 5. In that case, the unit cells would be
one size smaller, even though no Block has been divided to that level.
Notice that the perimeter may include unit cells of the target colour as well
as larger blocks of that colour. For a larger block, only the unit-cell-sized
portions on the perimeter count. For example, suppose maximum depth were 3,
the target colour were red, and the board were in this state.
Only the red blocks on the edge would contribute, and the score would be 4:
one for each of the two unit cells on the right edge, and two for the unit
cells inside the larger red block that are actually on the edge. (Notice that
the larger red block isn’t divided into four unit cells, but we still score as
if it were.)
Remember that corner cells count twice towards the score. So if the player
rotated the lower right block to put the big red block on the corner (below)
the score would rise to 6.
Now that we understand these details of scoring for a perimeter goal, we can
implement it.
- It is very difficult to compute a score for a perimeter goal or a blob goal by walking through the tree structure. (Think about that!) The goals are much more easily assessed by walking through a two-dimensional representation of the game board. Your next task is to provide that possibility: in module , define function .
- Now implement the method in class flattening the board to make your job easier! to truly calculate the score. Begin by goal.py
Check your work: Now when you play the game, if a player has a perimeter goal,
you should see the score changing. Check to confirm that it is changing
correctly.
Task 7: Implement scoring for blob goals
File(s): goal.py
Scoring with a blob goal involves flattening the tree, iterating through the
cells in the flattened tree, and finding out, for each cell, what size of blob
it is part of (if it is part of a blob of the target colour). The score is the
biggest of these.
But how do we find out the size of the blob that a cell is part of? (Sounds
like a helper method, eh?) We’ll start from the given cell and
- if it’s not the target colour, then it is not in a blob of the target colour, so this cell should report 0.
- if it is of the target colour, then it is in a blob of the target colour. It might be a very small blob consisting of itself only, or a bigger one. It must ask its neighbours the size of blob that they are in, and then use that to report its own blob size. (Sounds, recursive, eh?)
A potential problem with this is that when we ask a neighbour for their blob
size, they will count us in that blob size, and this cell will end up being
double counted (or worse). To avoid such issues, we will keep track of which
cells have already been “visited” by the algorithm. To do this, make another
nested list structure that is exactly parallel to the flattened tree. In each
cell, store: - -1 if the cell has not been visited yet
- 0 if it has been visited, and it is not of the target colour
- 1 if it has been visited and is of the target colour
Your task is to implement this algorithm.
- Open goal.py and read the docstring for helper method BlobGoal._undiscovered_blob_size .
- Draw a 4-by-4 grid with a small blob on it, and a parallel 4-by-4 grid full of -1 values. Pick a cell that is in your blob, and suppose we call BlobGoal._undiscovered_blob_size . Trace what the method should do. Remember not to unwind the recursion! Just assume that when you ask a neighbour to report its answer, it will do it correctly (and will update the visited structure correctly).
- Implement BlobGoal._undiscovered_blob_size .
- Now replace your placeholder implementation of BlobGoal.score with a real one. Use _undiscovered_blob_size as a helper method.
Although we only have two types of goal, you can see that to add a whole new
kind of goal, such as stringing a colour along a diagonal, one would only have
to define a new child class of Goal , implement the score method for that
goal, and then update the code that configures the game to include the new
goal as a possibility.
Check your work: Now when you play the game, a player’s score should update
after each move, regardless of what type of goal the player has.
Task 8: Add random players
File(s): player.py
Before you can implement a Player sub-class, you need to understand the game
loop. In game.py , the Game.run_game method contains what seems like an
infinite loop. This is the game loop, and it will iterate many times per
second. On each iteration, the game will ask the operating system for any
events that have occured (i.e., it will call pygame.event.get() ). The game
itself reacts to only the events it is interested in - we call this event-
driven programming. The loop will exit if the event indicates that the user
would like to quit the game (e.g., if they have closed the window). Otherwise,
the event is forwarded to a Player object. After all events are processed, the
game is updated by asking the player to make a move. Because the game loop
needs to keep iterating quickly, our Player object must respond quickly.
The HumanPlayer object is already implemented and reacts to specific keyboard
events. When a keyboard key is pressed, the HumanPlayer object will translate
the key into a desired action (if possible). A very short time (fractions of a
second) later, the game will ask the player to make a move. If there is no
desired action, then the HumanPlayer will not make a move (i.e., by returning
None ). Otherwise, the action that was translated from a keyboard event is
converted into a move based on the block the user is selecting.
For both RandomPlayer and SmartPlayer , we have provided a private attribute
_proceed . This attribute is initially False. Only when the user clicks their
mouse will the attribute be set to False so that the next time it is this
player’s turn, the player will wait for a mouse click again. The skeleton code
for this is already provided for you in both RandomPlayer.generate_move and
SmartPlayer.generate_move .
We will now implement the class RandomPlayer . Do not change the following
methods:
- RandomPlayer.get_selected_block
- RandomPlayer.process_event
Your first task is to implement the initializer ( RandomPlayer.init ). You
must inherit the attributes of the Player class and document them. Once that
is done, you will need to implement how the RandomPlayer will make a random
but valid move on the board. We will do this in the RandomPlayer.generate_move
method. You must note mutate the given board parameter when generating a
random move! In order to assess whether a move is valid, the RandomPlayer must
create a copy of the board for each move it wants to try. To do this, to
implement the Block.create_copy method. Once you have a copy, you can mutate
that copy by applying the move on it and checking to see if it was successful.
If you implemented Block.create_copy correctly, then mutating the copy should
not impact the original board.
Hint: No block from your copy should not have the same id as a block from the
original board. But you can always find the block you copied from the original
board based on the position and level of the copy. Do you already have a
function that can do this?
Task 9: Add smart players
File(s): player.py , block.py
We will now implement the class SmartPlayer . Do not change the following
methods:
- SmartPlayer.get_selected_block
- SmartPlayer.process_event
Your first task is to implement the initializer ( SmartPlayer.init ). You
must inherit the attributes of the Player class and document them. A
SmartPlayer has a “difficulty” level, which indicates how difficult it is to
play against it.
Next, implement how the SmartPlayer will make moves on the board by completing
the SmartPlayer.generate_move method. A SmartPlayer randomly generates n valid
moves, where n is the SmartPlayer ‘s difficulty value. It then picks the one
that yields the best score, without taking into account any penalty that might
apply to an action.
When scoring each of the valid moves, you must not mutate the given board
parameter. The SmartPlayer must create a copy of the board for each move it
wants to assess. One you have a copy, you can mutate that copy by applying the
move on it.
If no best move was found and the current score is best, the SmartPlayer
should pass.
Check your work: Now you can run games with all types of players.
Polish!
Take some time to polish up. This step will improve your mark, but it also
feels so good. Here are some things you can do:
- Pay attention to any violations of the “PEP8” Python style guidelines that PyCharm points out. Fix them!
- In each module you are submitting, run the provided python_ta.check_all() code to check for errors. Fix them!
- Check your docstrings to make sure they are precise and complete and that they follow the conventions of the Function Design Recipe and the Class Design Recipe.
- Read through and polish your internal comments.
- Remove any code you added just for debugging, such as print statements.
- Remove any pass statement where you have added the necessary code.
- Remove the word “TODO” and/or “FIXME” wherever you have completed the task.
- Take pride in your gorgeous code!
Submission instructions
The following files are not to be submitted: actions.py , game.py ,
renderer.py , settings.py . Your code should run as if they were not modified
from the original starter code.
- Login to MarkUs and create a group for the assignment (or specify that you’re working alone).
- DOES YOUR CODE RUN?!
- Submit the files: block.py , blocky.py , goal.py , player.py .
- On a fresh Teaching Lab machine, download all of the files you submitted, and test your code thoroughly. Your code will be tested on the Teaching Lab machines, so it must run in that environment.
- Congratulations, you are finished with your third (and last) assignment in CSC148! Go have some chocolate or do a cartwheel. :)
